American Institutional And Prison Reformation free essay sample

American Institutional and Prison Reformation of the 1 sass Prior to the Civil War, Jackson America was a time of immense reforms in many public establishments including schools, family, and prisons. The most influential characters of the reformation of prisons in the sass undoubtedly consist in the Auburn and Pennsylvania systems and social reformer, Throated Dixie. During this time in America, the concept of imprisonment came upon with profound religious beliefs, primarily of the Quakers. Prisons also shifted from being institutions of criminal prevention to a foundation for rehabilitation.The Auburn system often referred to as the ? Congregate system,? Was first implemented in 1819 in the New York State Prison. The structure incorporated Quaker standards of reformation mainly regarding more humane conditions but still was considered more brutal than the Pennsylvania system. According to the Auburn system, prisoners labored together in total silence during the day, but were housed separately at night. The philosophy of the prison based itself on the fear of punishment and silent confinement. Strict discipline was enforced and violators were subject to harsh reprisals. The work regimen produced income that the Pennsylvania system simply did not generate, making the Auburn system more cost effective and practical. The second model, the Pennsylvania system, began in 1829 in the Eastern State Penitentiary at Cherry Hill. This system was based on extreme solitary confinement for convicts by day and night with the belief that a felon alone in a cell with only a Bible to read could be rehabilitated.The major differences between the two practices rest in the number of inmates per cell; Pennsylvania holding one per, while Auburn holding ten to fifteen times that amount. The housing styles also being different in that Pennsylvania was based on the traditional plan for housing monks in a monastery. The Auburn system introduced the ? Tier system,? Different levels of cells built above one another. Convicts were housed according to their offense category ? First time vs. . Repeaters, murderers vs.. Thieves, and so on.Although there were heated debates between the two systems, ? They were not radically unlike each other.? (Abaca 1). People who favored the Pennsylvania system focused on its hope of rehabilitation, in that the mentioned above theory being that a felon alone in a cell with only a Bible to read would become penitent. (This is where the word ? Penitentiary? Was derived) The Auburn system was criticized as being virtual slavery, because the prisoners, under this system, were often put to work for private business owners who had contracted the state for their labor.Prisoners were never paid leaving the business and the state a good profit, meaning the state did not have to finance the prison. Consequently, the majority of states adopted the Auburn approach. People who believed in the Auburn system held the Renville that the idleness and solidarity of convicts in Cherry Hill frequently went insane. The Pennsylvania system was discovered in the United States for three main grounds: 1. Took up too much space 2. Housed too few prisoners 3. Did not allow for group work or living. (Secure Corrections 4).Throated Lynda Dixie was born on April 4, 1802 in Hampered, Maine. Her father, Joseph, was a traveling Methodist preacher. Her family life was ? Abusive and virtually nonexistent.? (Tiffany 5). When Throated was twelve, it was decided that her parents were no longer able to care for her or her two rooters. The three moved in with their grandmother, Madame Dixie, to the Dixie Mansion in Boston. At the age of fourteen, Madame Dixie suggested that her sister take guardianship of Throated for a while and transform her into a ? Lady.? Throughout the time at her aunt? House, Throated attended numerous parties and at the time was acquainted her second cousin, Edward Bangs. He was fourteen years older than she and a renowned attorney featured in the states. Edward assumed an instantaneous curiosity in Throated and regularly spoke of his future plans. Throated informed him hat she intended on becoming a schoolteacher. After several counts of help and advice from her second cousin and future fiance, Throated was confronted with her first twenty students in the fall of 181 6 in a modest warehouse on Main Street. She kept the school operating for three years and was eternally grateful to Edward for supporting her dream of teaching a school and being of assistance to make it become reality. In March of 1 841 , Throated volunteered to teach a Sunday school class for women inmates at the East Cambridge Prison. When she entered the dark alls of the prison, she witnessed such atrocious sights that her life was forever changed. She observed prostitutes, drunks, retarded, and mentally ill inmates all kept together in unheated, sickening smelling cells.After witnessing the conditions of the jail she immediately took the matter into her own hands and presented it before the court. After a series of passionate arguments she finally won. She then started to visit jails all over Boston and soon her investigation extended over the complete state of Massachusetts. Finally she put together all the notes and observations she had collected wrought this time and composed a convincing letter to deliver to the Massachusetts legislature.Her persuasion was so powerful that she soon had solid influence with the legislature and funds were set aside to initiate the construction of Worcester State Hospital. (Throated 2). Her stance about the management of the mentally ill was revolutionary at the time; the popular belief being that the insane could never be cured. Throated did not know about what was essentially going on with these patients, but she knew enhancing their environment would not harm them. After accomplishing the same process in other states she decided to go after her dream.She sent a document to the United States Congress in 1848 asking for five million acres to be used for care of the mentally ill. In 1854 the bill passed and was approved by both the House of Representatives and the Senate but was disappointedly vetoed by President Pierce. Throated realized she was physically and emotionally exhausted after the thirteen years of work for the mentally ill and decided to travel to Europe to rest. Once she arrived in Europe she failed to let herself recuperate and began inspecting jails there in addition.She trekked through thirteen countries making effective changes in the way Europeans dealt with the mentally ill just as she did in the United States. She returned to the states as our nation was on the verge of Civil War and as a consequence of her ? Yearning to be of assistance to others? (Marshall he served as the Superintendent of Union Army Nurses during the war. Throated Lynda Dixie? S career concluded with her peaceful death on July 1 7, 1887 in the state hospital in Trenton, New Jersey, the first hospital launched as a result of her labor.Throughout the time of American p rison reformation, major influences including the Auburn and Pennsylvania systems and Throated Dixie paved the way for jails and Institutions of today for order, structure, and labor. The Auburn system and Pennsylvania system during this time presented slight differences in the outcome of the prisoners thought most died in jail. Throated Dixie exceedingly changed the outlook and stereotypes of the mentally ill. She deserves an enormous amount of respect for devoting her life to people in the condition they were in and most of whom she had never et.The reformation of prisons in the sass was shaped through these three factors and owes them a good deal for the positive conclusion that has occurred over the years.

Stigma Against Poverty free essay sample

The question is, why are there poor people being stigmatize and discriminated? What can we do to help the poor? The stigma against poverty is a serious problem. Society believes that poverty is a dimension that would be awful to be in or to experience. People in poverty often are socialized with the words parasites, skivers, work-shy, lazy, stupid, feckless. I believe that society is too quick to judge the people who may be on government assistance.They isolate them, aging then feel like they are not part of the community. Excluding them from things that go around the community. The absence of poor people from the public space enhances the social normalization of poor people. Poor people try to engage themselves in various informal jobs to increase their income; occupational multiplicity is a must for them to afford food. They try so hard to not depend on the governments welfare. We will write a custom essay sample on Stigma Against Poverty or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Putting the people that are living in poverty down gives them a terrible attitude towards life. Not only do they bring themselves down but bring others down.Example: Lets say that you have a hard working person that is trying to put a meal on the table for their family, trying to do whatever they can do then they see a person just standing there doing nothing, that hard working person then believes that person is lazy and does not strive to succeed. As a community, believe that there are a lot of things that we can do to include the poor. Making them feel like they belong and not exclude them. Suggesting events where they can attend and not feel out of place would be an awesome idea. Believe that their vote counts for anything and everything.I know that the community often talks about renovations around town and what is going on. We need to make sure that they know that they are invited to these meetings and that it is important that they voice their opinions. I hope that this stigma against poverty will soon fade away. We need to come together as a community and start getting along with each other, no matter what kind of background anyone has. Stop judging those who may need more help than others. Becoming together as one will help fight this stigma and help the community become a better place to be.

The Importance of Jade in Precolumbian America

The Importance of Jade in Precolumbian America Jade occurs naturally in very few places in the world, although the term jade has been often used to describe a variety of minerals used since ancient times to produce luxury items in many different regions of the world, such as China, Korea, Japan, New Zealand, Neolithic Europe, and Mesoamerica. The term jade should be properly applied to only two minerals: nephrite and jadeite. Nephrite is a calcium and magnesium silicate  and can be found in a variety of colors, from translucent white, to yellow, and all shades of green. Nephrite doesn’t occur naturally in Mesoamerica. Jadeite, a sodium and aluminum silicate, is a hard and highly translucent stone whose color ranges from blue-green to apple green. Sources of Jade in Mesoamerica The only source of jadeite known so far in Mesoamerica is the Motagua River valley in Guatemala. Mesoamericanists debate over whether the Motagua river was the only source  or ancient peoples of Mesoamerica used multiple sources of the precious stone. Possible sources under study are the Rio Balsas basin in Mexico  and the Santa Elena region in Costa Rica. Pre-Columbian archaeologists working on jade, distinguish between â€Å"geological† and â€Å"social† jade. The first term indicates the actual jadeite, whereas â€Å"social† jade indicates other, similar greenstones, such as quartz and serpentine which were not as rare as jadeite but were similar in color and therefore fulfilled the same social function. Cultural Importance of Jade Jade was especially appreciated by Mesoamerican and Lower Central American people because of its green color. This stone was associated with water, and vegetation, especially young, maturing corn. For this reason, it was also related to life and death. Olmec, Maya, Aztec and Costa Rican elites particularly appreciated jade carvings and artifacts and commissioned elegant pieces from skillful artisans. Jade was traded and exchanged among elite members as a luxury item all over the pre-Hispanic American world. It was replaced by gold very late in time in Mesoamerica, and around 500 AD in Costa Rica and Lower Central America. In these locations, frequent contacts with South America made gold more easily available. Jade artifacts are often found in elite burial contexts, as personal adornments or accompanying objects. Sometimes a jade bead was placed within the mouth of the deceased. Jade objects are also found in dedicatory offerings for the construction or ritual termination of public buildings, as well as in more private residential contexts. Ancient Jade Artifacts In the Formative period, the Olmec of the Gulf Coast were among the first Mesoamerican people to shape jade into votive celts, axes, and bloodletting tools around 1200-1000 BC. The Maya achieved master levels of jade carving. Maya artisans used drawing cords, harder minerals, and water as abrasive tools to work the stone. Holes were made in jade objects with bone and wood drills, and finer incisions were often added at the end. Jade objects varied in size and shapes and included necklaces, pendants, pectorals, ear ornaments, beads, mosaic masks, vessels, rings, and statues. Among the most famous jade artifacts from the Maya region, we can include funeral masks and vessels from Tikal, and Pakal’s funeral mask and jewels from the Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque. Other burial offerings and dedication caches have been found at major Maya sites, such as Copan, Cerros, and Calakmul. During the Postclassic period, the use of jade dropped dramatically in the Maya area. Jade carvings are rare, with the notable exception of the pieces dredged out of the Sacred Cenote at Chichà ©n Itz. Among Aztec nobility, jade jewelry was the most valuable luxury: partly because of its rarity, since it had to be imported from the tropical lowlands, and partly because of its symbolism linked to water, fertility, ​and preciousness. For this reason, jade was one of the most valuable tribute item collected by the Aztec Triple Alliance. Jade in Southeastern Mesoamerica and Lower Central America Southeastern Mesoamerica and Lower Central America were other important regions of the distribution of jade artifacts. In the Costa Rican regions of Guanacaste-Nicoya jade artifacts were mainly widespread between AD 200 and 600. Although no local source of jadeite has been identified so far, Costa Rica and Honduras developed their own jade-working tradition. In Honduras, non-Maya areas show a preference for using jade in building dedication offerings more than burials. In Costa Rica, by contrast, the majority of jade artifacts have been recovered from burials. The use of jade in Costa Rica seems to come to an end around A.D. 500-600  when there was a shift towards gold as the luxury raw material; that technology originated in Colombia and Panama. Jade Study Problems Unfortunately, jade artifacts are hard to date, even if found in relatively clear chronological contexts, since this particularly precious and hard-to-find material was often passed down from one generation to another as heirlooms. Finally, because of their value, jade objects are often looted from archaeological sites and sold to private collectors. For this reason, a huge number of published items are from unknown provenience, missing, therefore, an important piece of information. Sources Lange, Frederick W., 1993, Precolumbian Jade: New Geological and Cultural Interpretations. University of Utah Press. Seitz, R., G.E. Harlow, V.B. Sisson, and K.A. Taube, 2001, Olmec Blue and Formative Jade Sources: New Discoveries in Guatemala, Antiquity, 75: 687-688

How Reading Comic Books Improved My Writing

How Reading Comic Books Improved My Writing How Reading Comic Books Improved My Writing Dr. Franklin Warsh is an Investigating Coroner and retired family doctor who lives  in London, Ontario. While writing his first full-length book, The Flame Broiled Doctor (a memoir of his experiences working in the health care system), Frank Warsh realized that his many years of reading comic books had not just been an enjoyable pastime, but a lesson in writing. Read on to learn more about the storytelling tips comic books provided him - including stories within stories, and archetype inspiration.Nowadays, comic books are a perfectly respected, even revered form of art. And at three to five bucks a pop, they’re clearly no longer just a product for children. But even the cheap newsprint comic books I read voraciously in the 1980s weren’t as silly a past-time as my elders would have had me believe. Depending on what kind of writer you’re striving to be, you owe it to yourself to give comic books another go-around. While writing my recently published memoir, The Flame Broiled Doctor, I drew upon the following comic book storytelling tips. My largest writing block isn’t a lack of ideas, or a lack of skill, but a lack of motivation. Even my own memoir, full of funny and intensely personal stories I’ve been collecting for nearly twenty years, was a chore to write at times. If I’m not in the mood to write, I’m probably not going to feel like reading something meaty either. We all need an escape, but when the kids are asleep and people have been barking at me all day, the last thing I want is the noise of the TV. Give me ten minutes with Deadpool or Suicide Squad or Unbeatable Squirrel Girl, and the creative juices are churning once more.There are a myriad of reasons I read comic books even to this day that have made me a better writer, beyond those I’ve described. One of the great tools in your kit as a humorist is over-writing. Poking fun at your characters with liberal dashes of purple prose works as well in the pages of Deadpool as it did in Cervantes’  Don Quixote. Writing a s an over-the-top narrator can get your reader in the mood for a joyride, like an episode of the campy 60s Batman  TV show - that’s now in circulation as a comic book. Have a terrific villain in your novel, but can’t quite get their villain speech right? Give comics a try†¦ Cersei Lannister and Iago have nothing on  Lex Luthor from Superman or Dr. Doom from Fantastic Four. Head to a library or local shop to give comic books a second look. They’re a great escape from the daily news, and you’re sure to find something to help your writing as well.The Flame Broiled Doctor is available on Amazon in paperback and Kindle! Find out more on Frank's website.Are you a comic book reader? What nuggets of writing wisdom have you discovered through reading comics?  Leave your thoughts, experiences, or any questions for Frank  in the comments below.

Political Corruption in Israel Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Political Corruption in Israel - Research Paper Example Only recently very reliable sources identified that Israel bagged 30th position out of 178 countries when evaluated in context of corruption rate and even worse results were witnessed when the country was compared to other member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Dattel and Reuters). Highly irresponsible, unprofessional, and inconsiderate behavior of the politicians has led to prodigious public commotion within the country but unfortunately, the terror game played by atrocious political instigators which is fraught with big risks continues to remain in vogue. This research paper is basically an attempt to discuss what contemporary research evidence has to offer on the reality of political turmoil in Israel and how corruption and debaucheries of the political leaders is negatively interfering with the basis of moral government. Research material presented in the paper will principally focus on the corruption of politicians and influential public officials and how their conduct serves to foster lawlessness in every field of life will also be debated in the paper. Israel is placed in the category of â€Å"Elite Cartel Corruption† by Johnston who analyzed political corruption in association with nature of political agencies and economic liberalization (Shannon). He argues that this specific category involves well-connected networks of social elites who share corrupt advantages in an environment of fierce political competition and enhanced economic liberalization. Such politically powerful figures regularly â€Å"work together to protect and maintain their advantages and stave off the opposition† (Johnston cited in Shannon). This is exactly the style of top Israeli politicians and official moguls who exploit their own people in order to foment their personal wealth and form a channel of corruption by notoriously collaborating among themselves. Lost in their wicked conspiracies, they do not maintain a sincere assoc iation with Israeli public, rather use their political influence to transform state agencies into promising means of personal welfare. Consistent bad ranking exposed by a huge collection of analytical studies has not managed as yet to inculcate a sense of responsibility and awareness in the minds of Israeli politicians. Rather Israel continues to be the poorest, disreputable, and most unreliable member of the OECD and the Western world. Research cites that corruption and fraudulence affairs currently occupy the center of the Israeli political stage (Avnery) with many former powerful political figures including prime ministers and governors awaiting judgments in rape and bribery trials. It is thought to be a matter of great concern by all critics that while many other countries suffering from similar troublesome conditions have shown significant improvements over the past years, corruption in Israel remains unaffected by any reconstructive agendas and continues to successfully genera te political upheaval. There is such explicit austerity in political corruption in Israel that millions of lives have been and continue to be sacrificed to resulting exigencies. The series of outrageous events

Question 30 of 30 Explain in your own words the logic of statistical Essay

Question 30 of 30 Explain in your own words the logic of statistical significance - Essay Example This means that even if it does, it happens very infrequently, thus leading the teacher to the conclusion that since the event occurs so infrequently, the child is probably lying and the most probable thing that must have happened is that the child never did the homework. The child’s explanation is statistically insignificant since the probability of occurrence of such incidents is very less, if any. â€Å"Although tests of statistical significance are widely reported in criminal justice literature, the logic underlying them is subtle and often misunderstood† (2011, p. 292). The logic here is that very unlikely events like a cat eating a child’s homework surprise teachers greatly and so the teachers tend to think of a better explanation. It is hard to depict which level of significance is significant. There has to be a sufficiently large coincidence to assume that the matter under consideration is not simply a mere

Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Essay Example for Free

Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Essay In the play written by Sophocles, Oedipus the King, there are several instances of irony. Dramatic irony, or tragic irony as some critics would prefer to call it, usually means a situation in which the character of the play has limited knowledge and says or does something in which they have no idea of the significance. The audience, however, already has the knowledge of what is going to occur or what the consequences of the characters actions will be. The degree of irony and the effect it has depends upon the readers grasp and recognition of some discrepancy between two things. Our first taste of dramatic irony comes very early into the play when Oedipus vows to bring to justice the killer of Laius, which is in reality himself. When he learns that the bringing of justice of Laius killer will rid the city of a terrible plague, he sets forth with a plan to track down the killer. Oedipus begins to curse the killer and vows: Oedipus: As for the criminal, I pray to God Whether it be a lurking thief, or one of a number I pray that that mans life be consumed in evil and wretchedness. And as for me, this curse applies no less (968) This is very ironic, as Oedipus is indeed, without knowledge of the truth, talking about himself. Another example of dramatic irony is the power of fate and Oedipus powerlessness against it. Throughout the play we are aware of Oedipus fate and we realize there is nothing that he can do to change it. When Oedipus tells his city after listening to their plea for help against the terrible sickness and plague that has taken over the city: Oedipus: I know that you are deathly sick; and yet, Sick as you are, not one is as sick as I. (963) The audience understands the truth and the irony in that statement. Oedipus should not worry about himself becoming sick for he is already infested with the sickness. A third example of the irony of Oedipus is the fact that Oedipus seemed to be blind and deaf to the truth. He appears to be on a valiant search for the truth and justice of the killer of Laius, yet refuses to hear the truth when it is spoken to him. In order to hear the truth Oedipus needed to be able to hear and interpret it, yet he only heard what he wanted to hear. Therefore rendering him unable to understand the mystery of who he truly was. In this play there seems to be a constant string of ironies throughout. Oedipus is in denial of the truth. In his dramatic speeches he misconstrues the information that he has been given by Teiresias, as well as Creon and Iocaste. The horrifying realization that the prophecy of the Sphinx is in fact the truth, causes Oedipus to blind himself. The audience therefore pities him, which is a result of the use of dramatic irony. The use of irony in a play allows the writer to make their audience want to see how the events which are occurring, mentally affect the main character, even if they already know how the story will end, as in Oedipus the King. Kennedy, X.J., and Gioia Dana. Oedipus the King Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. 2nd edition. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. 960-1005.