Physicochemical Profile of Synthesized Ferulate Esters

Physicochemical Profile of Synthesized Ferulate Esters PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SYNTHESIZED FERULATE ESTERS INTRODUCTION Today, there are ongoing attempts to use ferulic acid derivatives in several different areas of food (Manore et al. 2011), cosmetic (Di Domenico et al., 2009) and pharmaceutical (Shanthakumar et al., 2012; Suzuki et al., 2007) products due to their effective antioxidant properties by trapping and stabilizing radical species (Ergun et al., 2011). Transesterification with lipophilic molecules allows a better transportation of the compounds in different medium (Scapagnini et al., 2004) whereas selection of olive oil may improve the medicinal and cosmetic values (Viola Viola, 2009) of the synthesized products. Considering the promising results, this study was designed to delineate the profile for the synthesized ferulate esters. Mandloi et al. (2004) proposed that one of the most important stages to accomplish in the development of a new compound is the adequate physicochemical characterization, in order to determine the quality and help to describe the present conditions. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of synthesized ferulate esters were studied in term of sun protection factor (SPF) value, peroxide value, saponification value and iodine value. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Solvents and chemicals (ethanol, chloroform, potassium iodide, acetic acid, sodium thiosulfate, starch, potassium hydroxide, phenolphthalein, hydrochloric acid, Wij’s solution) were purchased from Merck, Germany. SPF Value The procedure has been previously described by Dutra et al. (2004). 1.0 g of sample was weighed, transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask, diluted to volume with ethanol, followed by ultrasonication for 5 min and then filtered through cotton, rejecting the ten first mL. A 5.0 mL aliquot was transferred to 50 mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with ethanol. Then a 5.0 mL aliquot was transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask and the volume completed with ethanol. The absorption spectra of sample in solution were obtained by using UV/Vis spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Lambda 750) in the range of 290 to 450 nm using 1 cm quartz cell, and ethanol as blank. The absorption data were obtained in the range of 290 to 320, every 5 nm, and 3 determinations were made at each point, followed by the application of Mansur equation: SPF spectrophotometric value =CF x ∑ EE x I x Abs (Equation 4) Where,CF = correction factor (=10) EE = erythemal effect spectrum I = solar intensity spectrum Abs = absorbance of the sample The values of EE x I are constants and showed in Appendix D. Peroxide Value About 5.0 g of sample was weighed into a 250 mL conical flask. 10 mL of chloroform was added and swirled to dissolve the sample. The mixture was then mixed with 15 mL acetic acid and 1 mL potassium iodide solution. The mixture was further leaved for 5 minutes in a dark place. Then, 30 mL of distilled water was added followed by 1 mL of starch indicator. The solution was titrated with 0. 05 N of sodium thiosulfate until the blue color disappeared. The peroxide value is given by: Peroxide value =[(S – B) x N x 1000] / W (Equation 5) Where,S = volume of titrant (mL) for sample (ferulate esters) B = volume of titrant (mL) for blank N = normality of sodium thiosulfate solution (mmol/mL) 1000 = conversion of units (g/kg) W = sample (ferulate esters) mass (g) Saponification Value 2.0 g of sample was weighed into a 250 mL conical flask. About 25 mL of ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution was added. The mixture was then refluxed for 60 min. 1 mL of phenolphthalein solution was added and the mixture was titrated with the 0.5 N of hydrochloric acid until the pink color of the indicator just disappeared. The saponification value is given by: Saponification value =[(B – S) x N x 56.1] / W (Equation 6) Where,B = volume of titrant (mL) for blank S = volume of titrant (mL) for sample (ferulate esters) N = normality of hydrochloric acid (mmol/mL) 56.1 = molecular weight of potassium hydroxide (g/mol) W = sample (ferulate esters) mass (g) Iodine Value The sample for about 2.0 g was weighed into a 500 mL stoppered flask and 10 mL of chloroform was added. After that, 25 mL of Wij’s solution was pipetted into the flask, stoppered, and swirled to well-mix the mixture. The flask was then stored in the dark place for 30 minutes at room temperature and after that, 20 mL of potassium iodide (KI) was added followed with the addition of 100 mL freshly boiled and cooled distilled water. Then, the mixture was titrated with 0.1 N sodium thiosulphate solutions (Na2S2O3) until the yellow colour almost disappeared. 1-2 mL of starch indicator was then added and the titration was continued until the blue colour just disappeared. A blank determination was carried out under the same condition. The iodine value is given by: Iodine value = [(B – S) x N x 126.9] / W (Equation 7) Where,B = volume of titrant (mL) for blank S = volume of titrant (mL) for sample (ferulate esters) N = normality of sodium thiosulphate (mmol/mL) 126.9 = molecular weight of iodine (g/mol) W = sample (ferulate esters) mass (g) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS SPF Value Level of sun protection on the skin has traditionally been estimated using the sun protection factor (SPF). Sunscreen products with high SPF value may provide more adequate protection against the sun (Latha et al., 2013). Gregoris et al. (2011) claimed that sunscreen products are classified in conformity with their SPF values as it follows: from 2 to less than 12 are defined as minimal sun protection products, from 12 to under 30 is moderate sun protection products while sunscreens with SPF values of 30 or above are defined as high sun protection products. UV-Vis spectroscopy has been reported as a simple, rapid, and economic method in determining SPF values in many cosmetic formulations. This in vitro method is very useful as a screening test during product development before proceeding to the in vivo tests. In general, the method can be divided into two types: method that involve the measurement of absorption/transmission of UV radiation through sunscreen product films in quartz plates or biomembranes and method in which the absorption characteristics of the sunscreen agents are determined based on spectrophotometric analysis of dilute solutions (Kaur and Saraf, 2010; Dutra et al., 2004). Khazaeli and Mehrabani (2008) have successfully applied this technique through dilute solutions in determining SPF values of sixteen plants dissolved in methanol; Dracocephalum moldavica and Viola tricolor are found to have SPF values higher than 20 and suggested to be used in future topical sunscreens. Several nonvolatile and volatile herbal oils also being evaluated for their SPF values, where olive oil and coconut oil were revealed to have the best SPF values of 8 for nonvolatile herbal oil. On the other hand, peppermint oil and tulsi oil showed better SPF values of 7 than other volatile herbal oils which can be a potential candidate of perfumes during the formulation of sunscreens (Kaur and Saraf, 2010). Peroxide value There are several methods for evaluation of antioxidative action of a sample (Becker et al., 2004). The present method was used for the assessment of early oxidative changes in the ester through formation of primary oxidation products (peroxides and hydroperoxides). Peroxide value is defined as the milliequivalents (mEq) of peroxide per kilogram of sample. It is a redox titrimetric determination. High quality of products will have a peroxide value of zero. Peroxide values >20 correspond to very poor quality which normally would have significant off flavours (Nielsen, 2003). Saponification Value Since the fatty acids are attached to the glycerol backbone with ester bonds, the saponification value reflects the number of ester bonds per gram sample. It is simply defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1 g of ester. Therefore, the saponification value is an important measurement to indicate the mean molecular weight of the sample’s triacylglycerols (Wrolstad et al., 2005). Iodine Value The iodine value of an ester is used to measure the degree of unsaturation. The test measures the reaction of the double bonds with halogen, in this case iodine. Ekop et al. (2007) has reported that the higher the degree of unsaturation, the higher the iodine value. It expresses the concentration of the unsaturated fatty acids, together with the extent to which they are unsaturated, in a single number, and therefore was a simple and very useful quality number parameter. The properties of ferulate esters in term of SPF value, peroxide value, saponification value and iodine value are displayed in Table 6.1. Table 6.1:Â  Properties of ferulate esters No Test Unit 1 SPF value 16.0131 2 Peroxide value 17.52 3 Saponification value 191.3 4 Iodine value 88.02 CONCLUSION Physicochemical profile of synthesized ferulate esters was well examined where medium SPF value and peroxide value were attained. This indicates the products synthesized have a good antioxidant value for further used.

Bernard Shaw :: essays research papers

George Bernard Shaw is known by many as the most significant English playwright since the seventeenth century. He wrote fifty-seven plays in his lifetime, and a vast majority of them were revolutionary in their themes. On July 26, 1856, George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin, Ireland. Shaw was the first son of his parents, George and Lucille, but had two sisters upon his arrival. Although they lived in Ireland, the Shaws were Protestants and George Bernard was baptized in the Church of England; however, he was never very religious and never enjoyed attending church. He also did not care much for his formal education, even though he attended many different schools. He started his schooling at the Wesleyan Connexional School and ended his fifteenth year at the Dublin English Scientific and Commercial Day School. Overall, Shaw’s childhood was an unhappy one. By the age of fifteen, his parents had split up. His mom deserted her husband and left for England to live with her two daughters. In order to support himself, Shaw left school and got a job working as a clerk and cashier for a firm of land agents for nearly found and a half years. During this time, George Bernard took it upon himself to read and visit the theatre as much as possible. At the age of nineteen, Shaw’s sister Agnes died from food poisoning. Saddened by her death, Shaw left London to live with his mother and sister Lucy in hope of becoming a musician or painter. Being the shy young man that he was, he could not find a place in the arts community there. At the age of twenty-four, Shaw decided to establish himself as a writer. When newspapers and magazines repeatedly rejected his articles, he then decided to become a novelist. Although all publishers rejected his first novel, Shaw continued to write and produced four more novels between 1880 and 1883; he found no publisher for any of them. Finally, in 1886, Shaw’s first novel, Cashel Byron’s Profession was published. This novel was very popular, but after publishing his second novel, An Unsocial Socialist, his novel writing career came to an end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shaw finally found his specialty around 1885 when William Archer suggested that he became a playwright. The play he is most well known for is Pygmalion. It is a classic play that comes from an ancient myth in which a statue is made of an ideal woman, and by prayer to the gods she is brought to life.

Helping Make Hair Loss History Essay

Define Propecia’s potential customer base. What is Propecia competing against in the consumer’s mind? What can be learned from Rogaine’s experience in the marketplace? Propecia is a drug against hair loss, effective both on stopping and reversing the Male Pattern Hair Loss. According to Tom Casola, the brand manager of Propecia, the potential customer base is at least half of the male population, as MPHL occured in 30-40 million American men, which is around 50% od Caucasian men under the age of 50, with the lifetime incidence to reach 100%. But when compared to others race and nationalities. Neither black men, Japanese men nor Chinese men were as likely to develop MPHL as frequantly as Caucasian men, at least not until later ages. What Propecia is competing against in consumer’s mind is that, according to the research Merck did, consumers believe hair loss to be a slow process and they do not seek treatment early enough, at least not before trying a couple remedies of their own including brushing, wearinh hats, combing the hari over bold spots, which is mainly because they are not fully aware of the degree of their hair loss, as it is most likeley happening at the back or top of their head. Although 2/3 of men losing hair consider of it to be a problem, half of those consider it to be a futre problem, and the remaining 1/3 does not even consider it to be a problem. The consideration of this problem to be a future problem, or an inevitable problem, builds kind of a resistance in terms of the willingness to fight it. And Merck needs to focus on showing that it is a current problem and not a future problem and shoudl be addressed as soon as possible, in order to have success over it, and making it not inevitable. Rogaine, a topical including minoxidil, affective against hair loss, as long as used, was the frst FDA approved topical hair loss intervention, which was not successful as a prescribed medicine despite the belief of its potential success in revenue, until it became an on-the-counter product. What Propecia can learn from Rogaine is that, the product should be very careful with the creation of consumer expectations, because if it fails to keep up to those expectations, it can end up like the first launch experience of Rogaine, not coming even close to the expected revenue levels. Although it would not be easy to set the right level of consumer expectation, lowering expectations should be blaned with also creating a positive hop efor the product in the eyes of consumers. 2. How does a customer come to use Propecia? How can Merck best influence that process? Because hair loss is not conceived by physicians to be an urgernt problem, consumers should be directed in terms of marketing in order for them to use Propecia. As mentioned earlier, hair loss is a common problem for most of the men and a remedy is needed not because it is an urgent or a fatal problem but for improving the lives of those people, which is one of the objectives of Merck. According to past experience of Merch with other products, especially those it advertised through direct-to-consumer advertising, which it plans to do for propecia, consumers who asked their physician for an advertised drug, receieved a presciription for it (75%-85% of the the patients). 3. What type of ads, if any, should Tom Casola run at product launch? What message should Propecia convey to potential customers? It is a pretty tough decision to make, choosing one of the three add types. Help Seeking ads would have a negative affect mostly because the ads should be brandless, but the launch is at similar times with the extra strength formula Rogain’s launch time, and as the brand awareness of Rogaine is high, our ads would benefit them more than it would Propecia. On the other hand, product claim ads, although seems like a sound decision to go with, has a high potential risk, becase the side affects are to be mentioned in the ad, and creation of a brand awareness assosicated with seemingly high risks of sexual side effects for men and pregnancy problems for women, it would not be a good timing for highlingting these side effects, where the competition is coming with a more effective product compared to the strong product already dominating the market at some level, with not necessarily this kind of serious side effects, although they are not high risks. Third option of reminder ads, which do not seem to be the best strategy at any other given time, as mentioned by Casola, there is no point in having an ad that creates brand awareness where you cannot even tell that the product is an hair loss product, at this time it seems like the soundest road to take. There is a risk that the brand awareness would be empty inside, but along with working with doctors, mostly dematologists who would be more eager to prescribe Propecia, and urging people to see a dermatologists in the ads, would be the best of the options. This way, making the problem a health issue, which should be handled through a dematologists would create some sort of barriers for the on-the-counter competition especially the new Rogaine to come. 4. What role does a physician play in this context? How much detailing effort is necessary? Pysicians are primarly the customers of prescribed drugs, as they are the ones prescribing the drugs to the patients, the realt consumers. In order for the making the pysicians to prescribe the intended drugs, pharmaceutical companies have sales representatives, who directly go to the physicians and describe the drug, which is called detailing. According to the data given in the case, the potential face-to-face interaction between a sales representative and a physician is about 2 minutes, where the sales representative is supposed to do detailing of 3 drugs. In order to have an effective detailing to persuade pysicians to proescribe the intended drug almost 6 visits on average paid to the pysician. 5. Do you think a first year sales forecast of $60 million would be conservative or optimistic? First of all we need to consider that the potential hair loss markets accounts for about $1. 5 billion of annual sales. Half of the market is hair loss surgery and the rest is divided between mechanical and topical solutions. In order to forecast a $60 million sales a year, Propecia needs 100. 000 customers who spent $50 per month. When we compare this to the unsuccessful lounge of Rogaine, as a prescribed drug, costing $60 per month, it created 400. 000 customers and generated $100 million sales. So compared to this with the knowledge that being scientifically proven- at least among a majority of the clinical trials- and having a better success potential than Rogaine, even on the eve of Rogaine more effective product coming, it is conservative to think Propecia would reach $60 million sales forecast for the first year.

The s Leadership Style And Its Impact On Ch2m Hill...

Jacqueline Hinman Born in 1961, Jacqueline Hinman is the current CEO of CH2M Hill. She has an Engineering degree from the Pennsylvania State University (Europeanceo.com, 2015). It is worth noting that the CEO is very aggressive in her workplace, having been the only woman in construction management in 1985. Despite negative responses from her male counterparts, she strived to remain faithful to her ambitions to make CH2M Hill one of the best run companies in the world. The essence of this research paper is to give Hinman’s leadership style and its impact on CH2M Hill Company. In this regard, it depicts her role as a transformational leader at the company I currently work for. Thesis statement: The incorporation of transformational and participative leadership has made CH2M Hill one of the best managed global corporations. Jacqueline Hinman joined CH2M Hill Company in 1988 as a veteran and quickly climbed the corporate ladder to become the CEO in 2014 (Europeanceo.com, 2015). It is imperative to note that her becoming a CEO in a field that is predominantly a male territory was a feat that she did not believe could come true until she realized she had achieved the status. Her leadership skills originated from her childhood days where teachers used her to make rowdy classrooms quiet. Over the years Hinman has honed her communication style and has developed the experience and techniques to motivate the high level, Type â€Å"A† personalities at the corporate level. First, she